Operating cost comparison of a single-stack and a multi-stack hybrid fuel cell vehicle through an online hierarchical strategy

One of the recently suggested solutions for enhancing the fuel economy and lifetime in a fuel cell (FC) hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is the use of a multi-stack (MS) structure for the FC system. However, to fully realize the potential of this structure, the design of an appropriate energy management strategy (EMS) is necessary. This paper aims to compare the operating cost, including hydrogen consumption and degradation of the FC, between a single-stack (SS) and an MSFC-HEV. To do so, a hierarchical EMS, composed of two layers, is devised for the MS system. In the first layer, a rule-based strategy determines how many FCs should be ON according to the requested power, battery state of charge (SOC), and FCs degradations. In the second layer, an equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS) is developed to determine the output power of each activated FC according to the cost function and constraints. Regarding the SS structure, ECMS is employed for power distribution. The purpose of this strategy is to decrease fuel consumption and FC system degradation costs in both structures. The performance of the ECMS is compared with dynamic programming (DP) as a global optimization strategy for validation purposes. The obtained results using experimental data show that an FC-HEV with an MS structure reaches less hydrogen and degradation costs than an SS one